PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE  (KIN/ZOO 3021)

 

Laboratory Schedule

 

(m) = minor write-up (10% each)                      (M) = Major write-up (20% each)

Dates	Laboratory #	Topic
January 11	No lab
January 18		Intro Computer Lab (no write-up)
January 25	Lab 1	Power Outputs (m)
February 1	Lab 2	Recovery from Exercise (M)
February 8	Lab 3	Strength, Endurance & Fatigue (m)
February 15	Lab 4	Fore-Velocity Relationships (m)
February 22	Midterm	Exam 1.  NO LAB
March 1	Lab 5	Pulmonary Function (M)
March 8	Lab 6	GXT & Estimated VO2 max (m)
March 14, 18	Spring Break	NO LAB
March 22	Lab 7	VO2max T vs UT subjects (M)
March 29	Midterm	Exam 2.  NO LAB
April 5	Lab 8	Work of the Heart (m)
April 12	Lab 9	Body Composition (M)
April 19	Lab 10	Thermoregulation (QUIZ!!!!)

There is to be NO food or DRINK in the Classroom or LABS. Thank-you

 

 GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1.  Read the instructions for each lab exercise and be familiar with the contents and procedure in advance of attempting to conduct the experiment.  You could have a short lab quiz before any of the labs. 

2.  A brief lecture and perhaps a demonstration will be presented prior to conducting the lab. session.  Listen and take notes where applicable.

3.  Know the purpose of the exercise and general procedures.  If you have questions prior to beginning the lab., please ask your T.A..  During the experiment follow the instructions as closely as possible.

 4.  You will usually work in small groups of 4-5.  You should organize quickly and select a leader, recorder, subject and instrumentation specialist. Become familiar with the responsibilities of each, but know your responsibilities precisely. Rotate assignments for each lab or during each lab if data is to be collected on more than one subject. (Note:  Obtain data on all your group if possible.)     

5.  One member of the group should be responsible for operating the equipment for the day, taking care of it during the work period and returning it at the end of the lab period.  Be extremely careful with all equipment since it is extremely expensive.  All equipment is to be returned to the exact place from which it was gathered, in a clean, neat and usable condition.  If any equipment is broken or damaged during the experiment, immediately report this mishap to the laboratory instructor immediately.

6.  The recorder should prepare his data sheet and record the observations immediately as they are taken in the appropriate place.  Only new data should be recorded; calculations and conversions should be done later.

 7.  Work seriously and quietly.  Noise may disrupt the subject or interfere with accurate reporting of results.  This is particularly true since the labs are rotating and all subjects will not be in a particular state of activity similar to yours.  If basal rates are to be established or if blood pressures are to recorded, all noise must be eliminated. 

 8.  Listen to final instructions.  Do not leave the lab before checking with the instructor.  You will be expected to hand in a report on each exercise by the next lab meeting.  Reference to the particular format to follow and questions contained in the directions for each exercise should be followed explicitly and answered entirely.

 9.  Appropriate clothing should be worn to the lab on days when you are the subject.  Activity uniforms, tennis shoes and socks are required.  Please do not hesitate to volunteer to be a subject unless a specific problem or disability prevents you from safely participating.

LABORATORY REPORTS

 1.     There will be ten (10) labs in this course.  Six of these labs will be designated for MINOR        WRITE-UPS, and four labs will be designated for MAJOR WRITE-UPS.

 2.     NEATNESS - It is required that lab write-ups are typed, double space on white paper, however. Points will be deducted for messy, poorly written lab write-ups.  Please do not turn in labs write-ups in fancy three ring binders or transparent covers, just staple the pages together (no paper clips) in the upper left hand corner and make sure the pages are numbered.

 3.     HEADING - All lab write-ups should have the following title page:

 

 

 4.     All sections should have their heading on the left margin (e.g. Purpose) with the first line of the section indented.

 5.     PURPOSE:  (Same for minor and major, 1 pt
One or two sentences maximum.  In your own words.

6.     METHODS:

a.         For a minor write-up, list only modifications to the methods, equipment failures, and procedural errors. (1 pt)

b.         For a major write-up, give a brief summary of the methods.  This should be no longer than 2 paragraphs.  Use complete sentences.  Also, describe any modifications to methods here.  If there were any equipment failures or procedural errors, state so here.  Don’t describe how any problem affected the interpretation of your results here.  That goes into discussion for a major write-up. (2 pts)

 7.     RESULTS: (Same for minor (1 pt) and major (3 pts) write-ups)

           Write one sentence stating what each figure/ table is (e.g. Figure 1 shows VO2 measured before, during, and after 5 minutes of walking at 3 mph.).  Refer specifically to each table.  Also, give a basic interpretation of each figure/ table (e.g. Oxygen consumption during recovery was much less than oxygen consumption during exercise.).  Do not discuss the validity, accuracy, relevance, etc. of the results here.  This information belongs in the discussion section of major write-up only.

 8.     DISCUSSION:

	a.	For minor writeups, simply answer the questions, numbering each and answering all parts of each question.  Answers must be specific (7 pts)
	b.	For major write-ups, use this format:  (10 pts for questions and 4 pts for discussion)
	c.	First, answer all parts of each questions.  This whole section should be in paragraph form using complete sentences.  Answers must be specific.  Refer to your figures to answer questions.  Then, interpret the results of your data.  Tell me in detail what the meaning of each figure is, not just what it shows superficially.  Refer to previous questions when relevant.  Determine if your results match what was expected and how your results compare to published norms.  Give reasons for odd results and describe sources of error.  Determine how these errors would affect the interpretation of your data.  Don't just say that an error would cause a curve to shift upwards.  Tell me what that would mean.  In short, in detail discuss the lab, its meaning, its implications, and your findings.

9.     REFERENCES

              You will be required to cite at least two references in the discussion section. They should be used to support your discussion.  These references should come from reputable journals or a current exercise physiology text other than your class text.  Only one of these can be a textbook. Any other references must be from a peer-reviewed journal.   Do not cite lab or course instructors.  Cite references in the textbook by author and date: The list of references that you use should be placed on a separate page with the heading for the section centered.  This page goes after your discussion but before the tables/figures.  References should be numbered and listed alphabetically in the following format:

 1.     Watts , PB, DT Martin, MH Schmeling , BC Silta, AG Watts . Exertional intensities and energy requirements of technical mountaineering at moderate altitude. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 30(4): 365-376. (1990).

            EXAMPLE:           Our results compare favorably with data collected by others who have examined exertional intensities associated with moderate altitude mountaineering (Watts et al., 1990).         

 10.     FIGURES:

Figures/tables should appear as the last item in your lab manual.  There should not be a figure or table anywhere else in your lab.  Use the following format for labeling figures.  For tables, the same general labeling scheme applies, (e.g., Table 1: etc.) but label them at the top of the table, not the bottom.  Also, include a table of subject characteristics here. 

 11.      Lab write-ups are due exactly one week after the lab is performed.  Late lab write-ups will not be graded and will receive 0 points.

 12.    Even though groups will be collecting data, each individual in the group should submit a           separate report.  Heavy penalties will be given to those who plagiarize or copy discussion          sections. (See Unireg 802)

13.   If you miss a laboratory session where there is a required lab report, you will receive a grade of zero on that lab report, unless you make prior arrangements with the lab T.A. or Instructor

   

PRESENTATION OF TABLES AND GRAPHS

   

 

Remember to label axes with units.

Do not put any label here, just move it in excel to the bottom of the page

 

 

 

 

 

Each figure/table needs a number.  Description and label belongs at the bottom of figures and at the top of tables.

Then you describe how you measured it (e.g. either which test protocol you used or what criteria you used.)

Figure description first must state what you measured.

Lastly, you describe who the subject(s) are, including age, gender and training status.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

(see Appendix A, page 701-714)

 

Length

1 inch = 2.54 cm

100 cm = 10 decimeters = 1 meter = 39.37 inches

1 cm = 10 mm

1 mm = 1000 microns (µ)

1 micron = 10,000 angstroms  (Å)

 

Volume

1000 cc (cubic centimeters) = 1000 ml = 1 liter (L)

1 ounce (fluid) = 29.57 cc = 8 drams

1 quart = 32 ounces = 946 cc

1 ml (milliters) = 1000 µl (microliters)

 

Mass                                                                                                                                  Pressure

1 Kg (kilogram) = 1000 grams (gm)                                                                            Pressure is force per

1 gm = 1000 mg (milligrams)                                                                                       unit of area

1 mg = 1000 µgm (micrograms or gammas)   1 atmosphere = 34.0 ft

1 ounce = 28.35 gms                                                                                                     of water = 760 mm or

1 pound = 16 ounces = 0.454 Kg = 454 gms    29.92 in of Hg = 14.7 lbs

1 Kg = 35.27 ounces = 2.2 pounds (lbs)            per sq. in.

 

Temperature

O° centigrade (C) = 32° Fahrenheit = 273° Kelvin

C = 5/9 (F-32)                    F = 9/5 C+32

 

Energy

1 Kilocalorie (large calorie-C or Kc) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 kilogram                                 of water 1 degree C (at 15°C)

1 calorie (c) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gm of water 1 degree  centigrade                               (at 15°C)

1 Kc = 3086 foot-pounds = 426.4 kilogram-meters

1 Kc = 1000 calories (c)

1 gram of carbohydrate = 4.1 Kc

1 liter of oxygen used in burning glycogen (R.Q. 1) = 5.047 Kc = 15,575 foot-pounds =                     2153 kilogram-meters

l liter of oxygen in a closed circuit system = 4.825 Kc in the postabsorptive state (R.Q.                     assumed to be 0.82) and 4.862 on an ordinary mixed diet (R.Q. assumed to be                                                                     0.85)

Work

Work is force times the distance through which it acts.

1 foot-pound of work = 1 pound of force times 1 foot

1 kilogram-meter = 7.23 foot-pounds = 0.002343 Kc = 2.343 gram-Kc

1 kilogram-meter of work = 1 kilogram of force times 1 meter

 

Power

Power is work or energy per unit of time.

1 horsepower (H.P.) = 33,000 foot pounds per minute = 550 ft-lbs per second = 4564 Kg-meters per minute = 76.07 Kg-meters per second = 746 watts = 10.694 Kilocalories per min = 0.178 Kc per second

 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts = 1.341 horsepower = 0.239 Kc per second

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

PEPR/ZOO – 3021

 

[Introductory Lab]

Introduction to Microsoft Excel Lab

 

 

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The following is an example of a Microsoft Excel 97 window.  This is the version of Excel that is used in all of the student computer labs on campus.  You will be using this software to do data analysis and generate graphs for your lab write-ups.  The first thing you will need to be able to do is enter and manipulate data.  This is accomplished by clicking on any of the boxes of the spreadsheet and typing.  These boxes are called “cells” (a).  If there is already writing in a cell, you can also edit it by double clicking on it.  You can select cells by clicking on them.  Or, you can select multiple cells by clicking in the middle of the cell and then dragging in the direction of the cells you wish to select (the cells become highlighted).  Also, you can copy the contents of a cell to multiple adjacent cells by clicking on the small box in the corner of the cell (b) and then dragging the outline of the box until it highlights the destination cells.  In addition, if you want to make a series of numbers, for example one to ten, type “1” in the first cell, click on (b), hold the “ctrl” key and then drag until you see “10.”  Next, the contents of a cell can be moved to a different location by clicking on the cell’s border (c) and then dragging the cell to where you want it.  Lastly, cells can be copied to another location if you simply hold down the ctrl key when you click and drag the cell.

 

h

Now, let’s look at some menubar/ toolbar functions.  Below is the toolbar.  First, if you

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leave the

 

OK

mouse pointer over a button for a short time, a description of what the button does will appear.  The main buttons that we will be interested in are labeled above.  First, you can use one of Excel’s built in functions by clicking on the function button (d).  The window to the left will appear.  From it, you can select the appropriate function that you wish to use and then press OK.  Once a function is selected, you must always remember to close the parenthesis.  To chose what numbers you want the function performed on, simply select the cells either by clicking and dragging to select multiple cells or by just clicking to select a single cell.  The same functions can be performed simply by typing “=” followed by the function in the destination cell. 

            The next feature of the tool bar is merge and center (e).  This allows you to create a title and center it over more than one cell. Additional features of the tool bar are the increase decimal (f) and decrease decimal (g) buttons.  These allow you to change the number of significant digits displayed to whatever is appropriate for your data. 

 

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            Now, let’s look at the graphing capabilities of Excel.  First, to make a graph, one needs to select the data being graphed by “highlighting,” or selecting the cells containing the data.  Remember, for ease of use, if the data you wish to graph isn’t in directly adjacent cells, you should copy it to an empty portion of the spreadsheet and place the cells next to each other.  Once this is done, select “insert chart” from the insert menu (h) or the chart wizard button on the toolbar (i).  The first text box you will get (1) lets you select the type of graph to make.  We will usually use a line graph or a scatter plot.  In addition, we will use double y-axis graphs.  This type of graph is selected by choosing the option “lines on two axes” under the custom types menu (2).  Once you have selected the appropriate graph, press the “next” button (3) to proceed.  In the text box that appears (4), check to make sure that your data appears in the appropriate form and that all your data is included.  The third menu allows you to fill in the names of your axes and the chart titles (5).  This menu also lets you change the scale, legend, and gridlines, among other things.  Use the tabs at the top of the menus to select an option (6).  With these, you can add gridlines or have the values printed on the graphs.  Again, use the “next” button (3) to continue.  Finally, choose new sheet (7) and click finish in the last text box (8) to get a completed graph.  It will probably be easiest for you if you put each graph on a new sheet.  Once the graph is complete, you can change the titles and colors by double clicking on whatever you wish to change. 

 

L

The graph can be copied into Word for your final write-up by clicking on it and then selecting copy from the toolbar (j).  The boxes (L) that appear around the figure indicate what portion of the graph you have selected.  These appear as black squares in Excel and as open squares in Word.  If the boxes surround only a portion of the graph, only a portion of the graph has been selected.  If the boxes surround the entire graph, including all the titles, then you have selected the entire graph.  Once you have copied the graph, switch to word and insert the graph using the paste button on the toolbar in Word (k).  Finally, you can resize the figure by clicking and dragging on the boxes that appear around the figure (there are eight of them, one near each corner and one located near the middle of each side) (l). The corner boxes make the figure proportionally smaller while the side boxes allow you to distort the shape of the figure. It is likely that the right side corner box will be on the edge of the screen.  Look carefully for this box to resize.  You can move the figure around by clicking and dragging the middle portion of the graph.  Although it may look like you are changing the graph size, you are simply moving it around. 

            One last tip, don’t be afraid to try changing things.  Just poke around and you may find the option you are looking for.  Try selecting different options to get what you want.  If you make a mistake, there’s always the “undo” button that erases whatever you had just done (m).  This button also can undo in sequence a number of changes you had made.  Also, try double -clicking or “right-clicking” (using the right mouse button) on whatever you want to change.  It is likely that the option that you are looking for will be somewhere in the options that appear

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 

PEPR/ZOO - 3021

 

[LAB #1- Minor Lab Write-up]

Power Outputs Associated with Different Energy Systems

 

PURPOSE: In humans it is generally recognized that ATP can be produced by three different energy yielding systems.  These energy yielding systems have been identified as 1) The Phosphagen System, 2) The Lactic Acid System, and 3) The Aerobic System.  It has been determined that the intensity of exercise dictates which energy yielding system is predominantly utilized. The purpose of this lab is to determine the power output associated with three different exercise tasks, each of which primarily recruits one of the energy yielding systems. 

 METHODS:  All students should come to the lab prepared to exercise. Data will be collected from subject participation in three different activities, 1) the Sargent jump test (vertical jump), 2) the Wingate bicycle test, and 3) the Cooper 12-minute run test.  All students will participate in both the Sargent jump test and the Cooper 12-minute run test, however, due to time constraints only three subjects will perform the Wingate test.  It is important that 99-100% effort be evoked for each of the tests performed to allow for an accurate representation of how powerful each of the energy yielding systems are.  Following each activity heart beats will be counted for a period of 10 seconds to determine post-activity heart rate (multiply count by 6). External power output will be calculated in Watts, and assuming a consistent metabolic efficiency of 20%, internal power output will be calculated and expressed as Kcals/minute.

 General Subject Characteristics - Record the following information for both yourself and the subject who will be used for the Wingate bicycle test:

                         1)         Height (inches)
                         2)         Weight (pounds)
                         3)          Age (years)
                        4)           Gender (male/female)

Sargent Jump Test - This test is designed to determine how high a person can jump vertically.  One foot must remain in contact with the ground prior to the jump, thus only one step is allowed.  Distance jumped vertically will be determined by subtracting the height the subject can reach with one arm while both feet are flat on the ground from the maximal height touched during the jump.  It is important that maximal effort is incorporated during the jump test (allow for a couple of warm-up jumps).  The best of three efforts will be used for further calculations.

 Using the best vertical jump score (inches), the subject's body weight (pounds) calculate power output in kg*m/sec using the following formula:

            Power Output (kg*m/sec) =    4.9 * BW   *    DJ 

Where:  BW =    Body weight in kilograms

            DJ =     Distance jumped vertically in meters

Convert kg*m/sec to kg*m/min by multiplying by 60.  Then convert kg*m/min to Watts by multiplying by .16345.  This value represents external power output associated with vertical jumping.

Calculate internal power output by dividing power output in Watts by .20 (or multiple by 5) . Convert internal power output to Kcals/minute by multiplying by .014335.  This is