Beginnings of reform:
1776 Naval Engineering School
Selim III (1796-1807)
Nizam-i Jedid Army
1826 destruction of Janissaries
Problems:
1820 Greek uprising---1832 Greek independence
1828 War against Russia; treaty limits Ottoman sovereignty on Straights
1830 French conquest of Algeria
1831 Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali takes Syria (to 1841)
Tanzimat: reordering 1839-1876
Military
military training abroad 1820s
Modern Army, Prussian training, 1830s
Military schools
Government
from tax farming to salaried tax collectors
strengthen central control over provinces
Inspectors
Census
training for government offices
Legislative Council
Translation school (1830s)
education for Sultan
Diplomatic corps reform
Hatt-i Sherif (guarantees of property)
Crimean War 1853-56
Islahat Fermani 1856
Land reform 1858
Ending slavery, 1870s
Constitution, 1876
Sultan Abdul Hamid II, 1876-1908
EGYPT
1760s Egyptian self-rule by Mamluks
1805 Egyptian autonomy under Muhammad Ali (d. 1844)
waqf
commercial crops
state control of land
industrialization
1815 new style army conscription
1831 military schools
public education
1832 medical schools
Saint-Simonians
Military conquests:
1810s Arabian penninsula
1820 on Ottoman side vs. Greeks
1831 Palestine, Syria
1841 defeated by Anglo-Ottoman forces
dynasty of rulers with title Khedive