Reform ideas:

Wahhabism:  

Muhammad ibn abd al-Wahhab, (1703-1792)

Ibn Saud

tawhid

shirk

Salafiyya

Muhammad Abduh (d. 1906)

Political ideas

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897)

Ottomanism

Nationalism: either ethnic or territorial

Egypt for the Egyptians (Urabi, Mustafa Kamil)

Turkish nationalism (Zia Gokalp)

Arab nationalism (Kawakibi, Bustani)

Iran:

1848-1896  Nasir al-Din Shah

1896-1906 Muzaffir al-Din Shah

1906 Revolution: Constitution, Majlis

1906-1911 internal strife

1911-12, Russia interferes

Ottoman Empire:

1876-78 Constitution, parliament

1876-1909 Sultan Abdul Hamid II

1876 Bulgarian uprising

1879 Serbian independence

formation of Armenian nationalist party (Hnchak)

1879 default, International debt commission

1890s Armenian, Bulgarian, Macedonian problems

1908 Bulgarian independence

1908 Hijaz railway opens (to Mecca)

Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

1908 Revolution: Constitution, Parliament, reduced power of Sultan

1911 loss of Libya to Tripoli

1912 first Balkan War, Ottomans lost territory to Bulgaria

1913 second Balkan War, Ottomans regained some territory from Bulgaria