Interwar Middle East, 1918-1940

Turkey, 1923

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, President 1923-1938

Republican People's Party

reformism, secularism, republicanism, populism, nationalism, etatism

Turkish nationalism, crushed Kurdish revolt 1926

modernization, industrialization

Iran

Reza Shah, 1925-1941, Pahlavi dynasty (ended 1979)

1921 pact with Soviets

modernization

railroad completed 1938

secularism

nationalism: Persian/ Aryan heritage

Mandates and Protectorates

Egypt

1919 "Revolution"

1923 Constitution, Parliament

Wafd Party

Hassan al-Banna, Muslim Brotherhood, 1929

Protectorate:  Britain controlled foreign relations

Syria:

1918-1920 independent "Greater Syria" (Bilad al-Sham)

1920-1946 French mandate

Druze

Sunni

Alawi

Lebanon:

French mandate

1932 census

Christians: Orthodox, Uniate, Catholic

Muslims: Sunni, Shia

Druze