Overview Terms, Pre-Modern Islamic World

632-661 Rightly Guided Caliphs

    632-634 Abu Bakr:  Spread of Islam through Arabia

    634-644 Umar: Expansion into Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Egypt; finalized Qur'an

    644-56 Uthman: Continued expansion in North Africa, Iran

    656-61 `Ali: disputes among Muslims

        Hashim -- Abu Talib (brothers)

            |                        |   

        Muhammad        `Ali (cousins)

                |            /

        Fatima    /

                            |

            Hassan    --  Hussayn

Sunni

Shia

661-750  Ummayad Dynasty, Damascus; Islam spreads to Central Asia, Spain

750-1256  Abbasid Dynasty, Baghdad

Terms for rulers and leaders:  Caliph, Sultan, Vezir (Wazir)

Developments:  translation, philosophy, math, sciences, astronomy, law, literature

Alim / Ulama

Madrasa

 Sharia, qadi, "legal schools"

    Division: 

    760s --Ummayad Dynasty, Spain

    800 -- Samanid Dynasty, Central Asia

    969 -- Fatimid Dynasty (Shia), Egypt

    950s-- Sunni/Shia contests for control of the Caliph

1096-1291  Crusades

1218-1380s  Mongol invasion

1215-1517  Mamluk Dynasty, Egypt and Arabia

1280-1918  Ottoman Empire (centered in Constantinople/ present day Istanbul)

1499-1740s Safavid Dynasty, Iran