Sunni / Shi’a division

      Hashim –    Abu-Talib

      |                             |

Muhammad               |

      |

     Fatima   --- -------  `Ali

                        |

      Hassan         Husayn

Karbala

Najaf

Imam

Baraka

Mahdi

Caliph

Sunna

Sufi   Sufism 

Caliph

Sultan

Vezir / Wazir

Slave armies:  ghulam,  mamluk

1250-1517       Mamluk Egypt

1280—1918    Ottoman Empire

      1453 Constantinople / Istanbul

      1517 Egypt and Mecca

Ottoman System

Sultan

Vezir         Divan

Janissaries           

devshirme

Askeri class:  Sipahi, ulama

Reaya

Millet system: Greek, Armenian Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Jewish

Ethnic groups: Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Slavs, Greeks, Albanians, Armenians

1499-1740s  Safavid Iran :  Shah

Ismail,  Abbas I

Shia (Shiite, Shiism)

Isfahan

Suleyman the Magnificent (1620-1666)

Capitulations

Extraterritoriality

Ottoman Retreat 

Hungary, 1680s, lost to Hapsburg Austria

Treaty of Kuchuk Kaynarja, 1774: 

Ottomans lose territory north of Black Sea 

Russia gains right to seaports in Crimea 

Ottomans control Black Sea and Russian access to Mediterranean 

Russian ruler becomes protector of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire

Ottomans retain the "principalities" (Moldavia and Wallachia, modern Romania), but must appoint Orthodox Christian governors and not interfere with them. 

Uprisings: 

1760s Serbia 

1700s "bandits" and Kurds in Anatolia 

1760s Egyptian self-rule by Mamluks

1799 Napoleon invaded Egypt; Ottomans and British united to evict French in 1801

1805 Egyptian autonomy under Muhammad Ali

1820 Greek uprising---1832 Greek independence

Beginnings of reform: 

1776 Naval Engineering School

Selim III (1796-1807)

Nizam-i Jedid Army

1826 destruction of Janissaries